Japan Population Growth Declining Birth Rate and the Problems

a) Study a country on how and why its population has aged rapidly during the last 40 or 50 years, and analyze its consequences. Japan’s graying population: The reasons behind it, steps taken to curb it and the implications of an aging society Introduction Japan has seen rapid development from the times of Meiji Restoration (1868) up till today. In fact, it has grown more rapidly than any other countries from 1870 to 1994 (Nafziger,1995) because of the various economic policies its government had undertaken after the war ended. Thus, as a result of this economic growth, standard of living has gone up and along with technological advancements, Japan enjoys one of the highest life expectancy compared to any other countries in the world†¦show more content†¦Another reason is the economic recession. The economy was bad for Japan throughout the 1990s. The unemployment rate rose sharply from 2% in 1990 to 5% in 2003(Suzuki, 2006). Youth was not given an opportunity to work and those who did obtain a stable job decreased from 77.8% in 1988 to 55.8% in 2004 and that those who obtained no job or a temporary job went up from 9.4% to 24.6% during the same period. The proportion proceeding to higher education increased from 6.5% to 11.8% meaning that starting a family will be delayed. . Suzuki also mentioned that the low income of young men relative to their fathers discouraged marriage. Previously, the income of men in their 30s were more than that of their fathers and motivated women to marry them. Current trends, however, indicated that the relative income of young men to old men has declined substantially and young men are less appealing as marriage partners than before. Problems with an aging society One of the issues with an ageing society is that the dependency ratio of the country will increase. 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Development Of Open And Private Security - 1196 Words

This paper talks definitions for administration, security and risk and it would demonstrate the development of open and private security and how it advanced through the ages. It will demonstrate how inescapable the requirement for administration of security and risk has gotten to be to the general public. Industrialization as the move of the economy of a nearby or national territory from a reliance on agribusiness and the work of people and creatures to a reliance on assembling action and hardware. As urban communities kept on developing, crime did also. Notwithstanding finding and capturing lawbreakers, the early private security industry performed numerous different obligations now connected with government and state law authorization:†¦show more content†¦Rather than working when the prerequisites of agribusiness requested, they were working long shifts of set periods (frequently twelve hours) in the new production lines. Industrialization made a movement to headway that occurred in the mechanical age and its primary dangers were to the security guard with chain and locks with mutts and difficult work was exchanged by advanced equipment. This move is generally joined by monetary development which enabled an expansion the quantities of individuals living in towns and urban communities. Towns and urban communities started to extend and pulled in expanding quantities of poor and arranged individuals (Natural History of American History). Urbanization portrays as the increase in the quantities of individuals living in towns and urban areas. The procedure of urbanization is firmly connected to that of industrialization since it happens as individuals move from rustic territories to urban zones, that is, towns and urban communities. This populace development of towns and urban communities carried with it various social issues, for example, wrongdoing, mobs, destitution, and health issues brought about by co ngestion and absence of sanitation (Urbanization in America). Efforts to establish safety must be placed. This however brought on ghetto zones which became quickly the lodging for assembly line laborers. Unemployment and

Schools Drug Testings Free Essays

Drugs like marijuana have a major impact on our younger generation. Parents for Accountability (2003) states that, â€Å"most drug use begins in the pre-teen and teenage years, the year’s most crucial in the maturation process. † A student’s behavior, motivation, and accountability are all limited when using marijuana. We will write a custom essay sample on Schools Drug Testings or any similar topic only for you Order Now Principal Warner (2013) said â€Å"he believes the mandatory drug testing rule gives students a strong reason to refuse drugs. † These drug testing will encourage students to think twice before saying â€Å"yes† to the drug. I believe that random drug testings should be enforced in schools. School drug testing should be enforced because of the behavioral problems that come along with drug abuse. Marijuana causes different side effects, but most commonly are; laziness, hunger, poor memory, poor coordination, loss of control, poor social behavior, and learning dysfunctions. All of these side effects affect a person’s behavior. â€Å"I’m 16 years old, and I’ve been smoking every day for about 3-4 months. I can say that I am considerably less social (although this may not be weed related, many factors come into play on this one) and slightly more paranoid† (Knight, 2009). Knight was set apart from her social life because of the marijuana she had been smoking, now she’ll never know of the people could have become close with. Behavior plays an important role in learning environment because a student cannot function properly under the influence; students that are under the influence have the tendency to act different among peers, and in or out of certain situations, it affects their way of thinking. Narconon Drug Prevention Education (2013) states, students that smoke marijuana get lower grades and are less likely to graduate high school, due to the learning dysfunction they came across while smoking marijuana. Since the use of marijuana is proven to affect a student’s behavior, drug testings should be enforced in schools. Marijuana also affects a student’s motivation, which is another reason why drug testings should be enforced. â€Å"Smoking a lot of weed can really amplify your mood and emotions, including laziness† (Terence Tensen, 2011). Smoking marijuana causes students to become lazy; laziness affects a student in so many ways because it kills their drive to do anything. Students become less willing to do their homework, study, and participate in extra-curricular activities including; football, baseball, soccer, softball, basketball, dances, and any clubs available on their campus. Without participating in some type of extra-curriculum students have a harder time getting accepted into universities and even some community colleges. After being rejected numeral times people start to shut down, they tend to give up and things they once wanted at a certain time or place. When a student then has nothing else to aim for, because their motivation was lost, they turn to drugs. These drug testings are going to stop students from coming to school under the influence, which then is going to keep the student that are motivated to stay motivated and be the best that they can be, without the distractions of the ones who are not so motivated, and feel they have better things to do. A student’s accountability is affected when using drugs; this causes students to be less dependable. An undependable student is a student that is kind of pushed behind because they are untrustworthy. Nobody likes to be the person no one trusts, and drug use causes you to be that person. Drug Free America Foundation (2014) agrees that â€Å"Students who take leadership roles in the school community are role models and should be drug free. † These students that appear to be role models should live up to their appearances. Foundation of a drug free world (2013) states, â€Å"the drug, marijuana causes students to be less coordinated, shortens memory, laziness, unsociable, and has loss of control† everything people don’t see in a leader. You are supposed to be able to depend on a student leader, especially when that person is all you have to look up to. When you see that one person you admire, fall short, it literally breaks a person down, to prevent this from happening these drug tests are going to make sure the students don’t deal with the regret of disappointments. I believe that random drug testings should be enforced in schools. School districts should enforce random drugs to help students in the long run. We are losing students to drugs, and drugged students are leading others. If we enforce these random drug tests schools will have more control over their students. These tests are going to not only help the students but a school as a whole. More students will be in school, which makes the school money. Disciplinary actions won’t be as frequent, because student’s behavior will be more on point, and students will be getting the education they need to move on to higher their education once out of school, with less of a struggle. Peer pressured students, won’t feel the need to say â€Å"yes† because they’ll have a solid reason to say â€Å"no. † Drug testing offers no harm to the student, only gives them an opportunity to notice their wrong and get help. When someone recognizes a problem, they tend to acknowledge it more frequently. A mother posted on a blog that her 17 year old son had a problem, she stated â€Å"He tells us he is not addicted but acting the way he is only proves he is† Feelinghelpless, (2012). When a student becomes addicted to a drug they deny they have a problem. When drug testing will soon become frequently failed, a student will have no choice to admit to their wrongs and seek help. Another parent states â€Å"I may not be able to change his mind about drugs but I have the choice not to help him with those choices. I can’t do anything about all the drugs out there†¦ but I do have control over what happens in my home! † Strgazr (2012). It’s proven that a child is raised on the raising of his or hers household. When parents lay down the rules, children will listen; they need structure so they don’t tumble. We cannot blame schools alone for the drug testings because if every child was raised to obey by the rules, drug testings wouldn’t be so necessary. Discipline is â€Å"teaching a child to behave in an agreeable way, allowing a child the freedom to learn from his mistakes and experience the consequences of his decisions, effective discipline is helping, teaching, and learning† Valya, T. (2009). Discipline is exactly what these drug testings are, they teach, help, and enforce a rule that needs to be obeyed. I believe drug testings should be enforced in schools. How to cite Schools Drug Testings, Papers

Healthcare American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

Question: Discuss about theHealthcare for American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Answer: Introduction The paper deals with the effect of the meaningful use on public health organizations. Meaningful use is one of the major issues faced by the healthcare executives. It has resulted from the HITECH ACT components of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Wright et al., 2013). It is anticipated that using the health information technology in meaningful manner will transform and improve the patient care. Different states are receiving funds and assistance for selecting qualified EHR products that comply with the requirements set by the federal Medicare and Medicaid for Meaningful Use (MU) (Chin Sakuda, 2012). The paper discusses the background of MU and the summary of the requirements of MU. It further discusses the effects of the meeting and not meeting the MU requirements on the healthcare organizations. The paper highlights the issues faced by the healthcare organizations and their possible resolutions. It further discusses the reason behind not meeting the MU requiremen ts. Background of MU There is an increasing number of deaths in the United States due to medical errors than breast cancer, motor vehicular accidents and AIDS combined. These preventable errors are mainly due to miscommunication. This demanded better communication and more accountable care for addressing the need of improved clinical care management. There is a high momentum created for capturing data for the purpose of care continuity and define measures for monitoring care quality and cost (Henricks, 2011). In 2004, the "Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) was created for suporting the US health care system. In 2009, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act mandated ONC to improve healthcare by adopting "health information technology" (HIT) and for a development of health information exchange (HIE) nationwide (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2009). The later is the HIT component of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). ARRA received 17.2 billion dollars for development of HIE and Electronic Health Records (EHR) use (Wilson, 2012). The goal of HITECH Act is to promote the meaningful use of health information technology and qualified EHRs. Technical assistance is provided to small practices to adopt HIE system such as EHR and meet its requirements for Meaningful Use and to become eligible for financial incentives. The HITECH Act envisions to provide each patient with optimal care. Therefore, the MU of the electronic patient data and the development of the health information exchange nationwide, in the near future, is sure to reduce the health care costs, improve health outcomes, increase staff, patient, and provider's health care experience (Wilson, 2012). Summary of the Requirements of MU In 2010, the ONC in the Department of Health and Human Services published a Final Rule entitled HIT that contains the set of Standards, Specifications for implementations, and certification criteria for EHR technology (Wilson, 2012). The term Meaningful Use has no simple definition. The three requirements of MU specified by HITECH Act (Chin Sakuda, 2012) includes- Using the certified electronic tools such EHR in a meaningful manner for instance e-prescribing Using the HIE system or technology in a way that assists in exchange of health information electronically to improve the care quality Using a certified EHR technology for submitting clinical quality measuresdetermined by the HHS Secretary MU has a set of objectives laid specifically for eligible hospitals and care providers. For example, the core set of objectives for eligible professionals is to electronically generate and transmit patient prescriptions There are three stages (Chin Sakuda, 2012) to meet the definition of MU which are identified by the government- To capture the data electronically Expand stage 1, report the health information, track the clinical conditions (this stage is challenging for most healthcare organizations) Improvement in the care quality and safety as well as the efficiency, performance and health outcomes The Effects of Meeting / not Meeting the MU Requirements The Health information technology such as the EHR System functions to incorporate the patient history, patient problem list, demographics, physician clinical notes,computerized orders for prescriptions, comprehensive list of patient's health complications and medications and electronic view of laboratory and imaging results (Henricks, 2011). Therefore, the benefits of meeting MU requirements of EHR includes expanded access to affordable care, reduced paperwork for physicians and patients, improved quality of health care, decreased health care costs, prevention of preventable medical errors, higher involvement of the patients and families in management of their own health care, and increased administrative efficiencies (Carter, 2015). The health information technology assists in improving the practice communications. It increases the speed of clinical decision making as electronic, and non-electronic tools help in improved access to patient information and quick identification of pati ent with specific clinical condition (Goetz et al., 2012). Hence, greater focus can be laid on the high-priority clinical conditions accessing the comprehensive data. Thus, the MU is not merely focused on the HIT, but on improving and transforming the health care by using it in a meaningful manner. The healthcare organizations that have demonstrated or are meeting the requirements of MU are eligible for gaining financial incentives through Medicaidor Medicare. Professionals, who have participated in the year 2012, were eligible for receiving high incentives and rewards (Henricks, 2011). According to Chin and Sakuda (2012), those failed to demonstrate MU and non-adopters of MU even after the year 2015 and later will have a payment adjustment to their Medicare reimbursement. The payment is initially reduced by 1% and is increased by 1% per year that the health care professionals eligible for Medicare do not demonstrate MU to a maximum of 5% (Pipersburgh, 2011). However, there are no penalties imposed on the eligible adopters who opted the Medicaid method (Marcotte et al., 2012). It means that there is no payment adjustment to their Medicaid reimbursement is they have qualified but chooses not to adopt MU. On the other hand, if an eligible professional implement the certified EHR and upgrades it in the first year, then they may not have to demonstrate MU for receiving the first years payment (Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services (CMS), HHS, 2010). Issues Faced by the Healthcare Organizations Despite being aware of the positive effects of MU, various health care organizations fail to apply for MU incentives. Goetz et al., (2012) and Chin and Sakuda, (2012) summarised the issues faced by the healthcare organisations as lack of financial investments for implementing EHRs, high level of efforts required to redesign the workflow, lack of time required for initial physician and staff training, and burden of recruiting new staff for HIT support. These issues are a matter of grave concern, particularly in rural areas. Inefficiency to handle the database of information created by EHR and provision of highly accurate data for laboratories is another major challenge (Wright et al., 2013). Chin and Sakuda, (2012) suggested a strategy for adopting HIT and meeting the MU requirements. For example, a hospital with no EHR can focus on the following- Perform a financial assessment and calculate the return on investment. Select staff for creating EHR team Perform a readiness assessment, evaluate the computer skills of staff, review the needs of hardware and softwares, analyze the current workflow The plan as to which position to reach in future, and define EHR goals accordingly. Draft an implementation plan as an internal project. Evaluate the certified vendors and work on planning implementation of EHR Start the implementation process and installation of the Further, work on customization, Backup, Testing and establishing the downtime procedures Review of goals, status of MU, reporting of clinical measurements, and subsequent phase planning Conclusion Based on the above discussion it can be concluded that the HITECH Act developed by the federal government and the EHR incentive or penalty programs is sure to ssincrease the frequency of MU in near future. MU dictates how an eligible hospital and professional can implement HIT. The certification standards specify the capabilities to be possessed by EHRs to meet the MU requirements. Thus, there is a greater expectation for exchanging the health and the laboratory information electronically. References Carter, J. T. (2015). Electronic medical records and quality improvement.Neurosurgery Clinics of North America,26(2), 245-251. Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services (CMS), HHS. (2010). Medicare and Medicaid programs; electronic health record incentive program. Final rule.Federal register,75(144), 44313. Chin, B. J., Sakuda, C. M. I. (2012). Transforming and improving health care through meaningful use of health information technology.Hawai'i Journal of Medicine Public Health,71(4 Suppl 1), 50. Goetz, G. D., Kuzel, A. J., Feng, L. B., DeShazo, J. P., Love, L. E. (2012). EHRs in primary care practices: benefits, challenges, and successful strategies.The American journal of managed care,18(2), e48-54. Henricks, W. H. (2011). " Meaningful use" of electronic health records and its relevance to laboratories and pathologists.Journal of pathology informatics,2(1), 7. Marcotte, L., Seidman, J., Trudel, K., Berwick, D. M., Blumenthal, D., Mostashari, F., Jain, S. H. (2012). Achieving meaningful use of health information technology: a guide for physicians to the EHR incentive programs.Archives of internal medicine,172(9), 731-736. Pipersburgh, J. (2011). The push to increase the use of EHR technology by hospitals and physicians in the United States through the HITECH Act and the Medicare incentive program.Journal of health care finance,38(2), 54. US Department of Health and Human Services. (2009). Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC).Southeast Regional HIT-HIE Collaboration (SERCH): Final Report; ONC State Health Policy Consortium Project: Health Information Exchange in Disaster Preparedness and Response. Wilson, D. J. (2012). Fiscal spending jobs multipliers: Evidence from the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.American Economic Journal: Economic Policy,4(3), 251-282. Wright, A., Henkin, S., Feblowitz, J., McCoy, A. B., Bates, D. W., Sittig, D. F. (2013). Early results of the meaningful use program for electronic health records.New England Journal of Medicine,368(8), 779-780.