Why Employers Care About Your Intelligence Quotient

Why Employers Care About Your Intelligence Quotient When it comes to hiring employees or workers, all employers agree on one thing: they should hire the best. This is why a lot of thought and planning go into designing recruitment and hiring processes, so that, at the end, they will be choosing the best and the right person for the job.But “best”, in this case, can be highly subjective. A lot of factors go into the consideration of what constitutes the “best” person for the job or position. What is best for one company may not be the same for another company or organization.Further, Company A may have a set of criteria or qualifications that is different from that of Company B, especially if the position they are trying to fill is highly technical or requires specific skills. Specific skills and technical aspects aside, however, there are traits or characteristics that are looked for by employers in their potential hires. In this article, we will talk about one of them: intelligence. After all, which employer would say no to having an intelligent employee?THE INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENTJust to set things up properly, let us go over what we know about intelligence so far. We know that it refers to our ability or capacity to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. The most common alternative phrases and words used include brain power, mental capacity, logic and reasoning, and judgment, to name a few.If there is one way to measure human intelligence using a systematic scoring system, it would be through subjecting a person to a series of tests. The resulting numerical score obtained from that test is the intelligence quotient, more popularly known as “IQ”.German psychologist and philosopher William Stern coined the term “intelligence quotient” to refer to a scoring method he formulated for intelligence tests conducted at the University of Wroclaw. This was way back in 1912. Over the years, many psychologists followed Stern’s lead, until IQ has become widely recognized to refer to the score derived from taking any of the many standardized tests for the assessment of intelligence levels of humans.Although the term was coined only in 1912, the concept of measuring human intelligence through tests started earlier, with Frenchman Alfred Binet, who made the distinction between children with high potential and children with low intelligence.More than a century has passed since IQ was introduced, but it is still one of the most frequently used measure for human intelligence.HOW IQ IS MEASUREDThere is one thing that we should clear up about IQ. It is not absolute, and it is definitely not constant. So do not be surprised if you do not get the exact same score for every IQ test you take.You see, IQ also has a correlation to age, in recogniti on of the principle that a person’s cognitive abilities varies in relation to his age group. A kid may be described as “smart for his age” if he has a high IQ or, in contrast, “slower than the other kids his age” if it’s the opposite.You might remember taking a couple of IQ tests before. Were they exactly the same? Were the topics the same? Most likely, they were different. One IQ test can focus on one area alone, while another IQ test may include several sections, with questions from different areas.There are IQ tests for different areas where the level of proficiency of the individual is meant to be tested. For instance, there are IQ tests focused on measuring one’s language fluency, while there are also tests that focus on three-dimensional thinking.The formula to calculate IQ goes:           IQ      =       ( Mental Age x 100) / Chronological AgeFrom the IQ Equation, it appears that IQ involves two age elements:Mental age, which reflects the age-graded perfor mance level based on established and widely accepted population norms and standards. In other words, it is indicative of your cognitive relatives in comparison with that of other people of different ages. It basically indicates what you’re capable of doing. This is derived from the results of a test you took exactly for this purpose.Chronological age, which is the actual age, in years, of the individual.The equation is pretty much a comparison of your two ages. What is the 100 for?By multiplying the ratio of your mental and chronological age by 100, you are trying to look for the performance at the normal level of your age group. 100 serves as the average, or the center value on the curve. Here are the meanings of the possible outcomes:If your IQ is 100, this means that your mental age matches your chronological age. Your intelligence is exactly what a person of your age should have, on average.If your IQ is above 100, this means that you are mentally advanced, since your mental a ge is higher than your actual chronological age.If your IQ is below 100, this means that you are a bit delayed in the development, or you are not as mentally adept as people your age should normally be. This result comes up when your chronological age is higher than your mental age.Is this scale absolute? Of course not. 100 is the average IQ, true, but it does not conclusively declare whether you are below or above average. That’s why there is a standard deviation of 15 points, putting the “normal” or “average” IQ score within the range of 85 to 115.WHAT IQ TESTS REALLY MEASUREThe first IQ tests designed by Binet focused on measuring a person’s ability to think creatively and use creative thinking to solve problems. It was not a test on the type and amount of academic knowledge that the person possesses.So basically, in a standardized IQ test, it does not matter whether you all know Shakespeare’s works by heart, or you can solve tough algebraic equations in record time . That’s not what’s measured here.So what, exactly, does your IQ mean? To be more precise, what does it tell you about yourself? And why is it so important?To say that your IQ lets you know how intelligent you are is actually a very broad statement. It is also very limiting to say that your IQ represents how academically smart you are, since it goes beyond knowing facts and general information.Several literature have touched on the question on what your IQ says about you. Here are some of them:Your IQ provides a glimpse of how you think, how you react to certain situations.Your IQ measures your skills in problem-solving, analysis mathematical logic, and recognition of patterns and relationships.Your IQ can be an indication of your personality in general.So you see, a person who does not excel much, or at all, in general information quizzes cannot be automatically perceived to have a low IQ, since that is not the only component of this score.THE ROLE OF IQ IN HUMAN RESOURCES MANA GEMENT AND DEVELOPMENTAn IQ score is used for several purposes, including admission to schools and learning institutions. But did you know that it also figures greatly in how hiring companies, recruiters and organizations go about hiring their employees?Yes, IQ plays a key role in human resources management and development. Some headhunters will not give candidates the time of day if they turn out to have low IQ on an intelligence test. In some instances, an IQ test is often the first step of the screening process.Pass the first stage, and you can move on to the next. Those who are not able to meet the minimum IQ score will be cut from the list of applicants who will be allowed to move on to the next step of the hiring process, like a preliminary interview or another written examination.Granted, a Supreme Court ruling in 1971 resulted in this practice being curbed, based on the principle that, for it to be valid, the IQ tests must be related to job performance. But it is not uncommo n for companies to subject their existing employees to these standardized IQ tests while they have already been hired, if only to monitor their capabilities and progress.Besides the obvious â€" which is that employers want to have intelligent employees â€" why are employers particular about potential and current employees’ IQ? Let’s go through some of the reasons, shall we?IQ is directly related to an employee’s educational qualifications.Let’s start with the obvious. Employers and recruiters usually base their first impressions on their initial perusal or run-through of an applicant’s resume. If they are going to base their initial impression on an applicant’s IQ, it is a logical conclusion that a high IQ points to having better grades at school or more academic achievements.There is a general impression that people with high IQ are likely to be successful in life. This is not conclusive or absolute, however, since there are also cases of people with average and even be low average IQ that manage to make it big.There’s a strong correlation between IQ and outcomes at work.In other words, an employee with high IQ has higher potential of showing positive outcomes in a working environment. Generally, he is expected to be able to turn in job performance of higher quality and substance.Expectations are definitely high for an employee with above average IQ. Employers tend to assign more complex tasks and heavier responsibilities to employees with above average IQ since they expect them to provide good results.Of course, this means that they are also likely to grant them higher compensation and benefits â€" any amount that they deem commensurate to the level of skills and intelligence that the employees bring to the table.An employee’s IQ can be indicative of his critical thinking and problem-solving skills.If you have above average IQ, this means you have greater ability to solve problems and find solutions or answers to various work-related situation s. People with above average IQ are usually the types to relish more challenge in everything they do. These types of employees are not the type to settle for what’s safe and mediocre, because they will strive to perform better.Business and organizations are areas that can be technical, with concepts that can be quite difficult to grasp for people with slow comprehension skills. This is why employers have preference for people with above average IQ, since they’d have less trouble understanding the technical aspects of their job.An employee’s IQ shows how independent he is.Employers want to have team players in their organization, but they also value independence in each of their employees.As an employer, you’d prefer an employee with high IQ, since it means he has a higher level of creativity, and this creative thinking leads them to work independently. Independent employees need little to no supervision, but they are still able to produce the output expected of them, and do it with flying colors, too.IQ can be an indicator of an employee’s capacity for improvement on the job.We have agreed earlier that one’s IQ is not fixed, so there’s a chance that it can increase as one ages. This is indicative of the employee’s ability to adapt. As he rises up the ranks of the organization, takes on more responsibility, it points to a higher capacity for adaptation.BUT IT’S NOT JUST ABOUT IQ…There is a preconception that employers will automatically go for the applicants with high IQ, or show favor or preference for their current employees that demonstrate a high IQ. In short, having high IQ is not a fool-proof guarantee that the applicant or candidate is going to be a productive employee or an excellent performer.Case in point: Albert Einstein is one of the most famous people with an IQ so high that the word “genius” is forever attached to their names. His IQ runs between 160 and 190, and his contributions to science and mathematics, in particular, guaranteed that he will remain one of the most famous geniuses of all time.However, he’s also known to have a volatile temperament and quite the antisocial, preferring to be left alone. His lack of interpersonal skills have been documented more than a few times. Imagine Einstein living during these modern times, and he has to work for a company. There is a high chance that, no matter how smart he is, he’d have a hard time getting employment â€" or remaining employed â€" given his tendencies to steer clear of being exposed to the presence of other people.Human resource management â€" organizational management as a whole, when you think about it â€"is not reliant only on the IQ of its people. These days, soft skills also matter just as much, if not even more, than technical skills. That’s why we also hear about EQ, or emotional intelligence.Briefly, what an employee’s EQ points to is his level of professionalism and ability to fit into a group and be a member of a team. This e ncompasses his personal attitude and work ethics, and how he interacts with everyone â€" and everything â€" around him. Combined with IQ, the employee’s EQ makes up a whole that will make him even more appealing in the eyes of recruiters and prospective employers.Ideally, employers prefer, and will look for, employees with a good balance of IQ and EQ. This makes them well-rounded individuals, with the greatest potential to become contributory to the attainment of the goals of the organization.

Life and Art of Agnes Martin, Pioneer of Minimalism

A Brief Note On Professional Athletes And Women - 1181 Words

Professional golf is another sport where there are large discrepancies in pay between men and women, who are playing the exact same game. Golf is interesting because at the amateur level, men and women are treated equally (Saffer). At the USGA championships for amateurs there is no prize money since they are regarded as amateurs, but both genders receive a â€Å"trophy and the honor of representing the United States as its national champion for the year† (Saffer). The differences in prizes begin at the professional level where prize money is far from equal. The U.S. open seemed to be making progress in closing the gap, but has recently fell short of continuing to narrow this gap. In 1990 the women’s U.S. open awarded the winner $85,000, compared to the male counterpart who was awarded $220,000. The percentage of prize money that went to females was 38.6%. In 2000 the female winner was awarded $500,000, while the male winner was awarded $800,000. The percentage o f prize money that was awarded to females was 62.5%. This was a large increase from 10 years ago. Since 2000, the tournament has taken a step back where the percentage of prize money awarded to females had dropped from 62.5% to 45%. The discrepancies in pay would make it seem that the men are twice as good as women, but that is not a fair assumption (Saffer). From the averages of the birdies shot by the best men and women one can see that the scores are equal. â€Å"The top 10 players in scoring average on the LPGAShow MoreRelatedSocial Media As Forms Of Electronic Communication1372 Words   |  6 PagesMedia. First social media sites share private and professional information. It appears lives of the people are on display. There are no private or professional boundaries. Consequences could arise from the current and future impact on their reputation. 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Local Studies Free Essays

Mobile Restaurants or simply street food is ready-to-eat food or drink sold in a street or other public place, such as a market or fair, by a hawker or vendor, often from a portable stall. While some street foods are regional, many are not, having spread beyond their region of origin. Most street foods are also classed as both finger food and fast food, and are cheaper on average than restaurant meals. We will write a custom essay sample on Local Studies or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to a 2007 study from the Food and Agriculture Organization, 2. 5 billion people eat street food every day. Today, people may purchase street food for a number of reasons, such as to obtain reasonably priced and flavourful food in a sociable setting, to experience ethnic cuisines and also for nostalgia. Historically, in places such as ancient Rome, street food was purchased because the urban poor did not have kitchens in their homes. What makes a restaurant awesome? Some would say great food and the right ambiance? Great food is subjective and varies with each person’s experience and background. However, to be considered awesome, a restaurant has to take the overall dining experience to a higher level. That means food that leaves an indelible mark on your taste buds and imprints lasting memories in your mind in an ambiance that carves out a special place in the heart to share with other people. Each serves gourmet food with the freshest ingredients, and combines nature elements, artifacts or a sense of history in its atmosphere. Simply put, these restaurants have a story to tell that is spread via word-of-mouth. I can proudly say that these restaurants are found only in the Philippines. Inspired by the outdoor markets of Mercato Centrale in Florence and the Boroughs Market in London, Mercato Centrale at Bonifacio Global City is an innovative weekend lifestyle market with unique, great tasting food finds that you won’t find anywhere around the metro. Mercato also has an extensive selection of healthy and organic fruits, vegetables and livestock, all located in a clean, comfortable, well-ventilated and organized setting. On top of a fantastic food selection, Mercato will be full of fun activities, cooking demonstrations and live entertainment that will keep your family coming back for more every weekend. How to cite Local Studies, Papers

The Devil’s Playground Sample Essay Example For Students

The Devil’s Playground Sample Essay We as human existences of course strive to take part and be active members of a â€Å"society† or a civilization in order to experience incorporated into some sort of construction. Within a structured â€Å"society† there must be an mediate or â€Å"threshold people† ( 1 pg. 95 ) . which is depicted by Victor W. Turner as liminality. Liminality is a province of being mediate a structured society or â€Å"limbo of statuslessness† in which the person or group becomes homogenized ( 1 pg. 97 ) . An illustration of a liminal civilization is the Amish ; they separate themselves from the â€Å"outsiders† to avoid wickedness. Within the Amish civilization they have communitas which defined by Tuner as no societal construction ; this period of clip is demonstrated by the Amish before they join the church or go baptised. In the book â€Å"The Ritual Process Structure and Anti-Structure† by Victor Turner. Tuner defines liminality. communitas. rites of p osition lift. rites of position reversal. and faiths of humbleness ; in which all assistance to analyse the Amish civilization in the movie Devil’s Playground. We will write a custom essay on The Devil’s Playground Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Liminal persons or civilizations are those who are on the borders of society. The Amish in my perspective live in the borders of society. mediate jurisprudence and construction. They volitionally withdraw from normal norms of those around them. To the outside universe they are in a province of communitas with no construction outside of their civilization and are all homogenized. uniform and equal. The movie Devil’s Playground depicts the common Amish adolescent undergoing â€Å"rumspringa† ( 2 ) which is a liminal province of being for the Amish. During this period the Amish adolescent is granted the autonomy of sing the universe outside of their civilization. They are allowed to dress â€Å"English† . fume. devour alcoholic drinks. talk on cell phones. thrust cars. and a opportunity of wooing ; which are all prohibited once they join the Amish church. When the Amish adolescent leaves to be in a liminal province as Turner depicts. he/she is sing a province of humbleness. Liminality suggests that in order to be high. one must be low and frailty versa ( 1 pg 97 ) . The low position comes with the given privileges of â€Å"rumspringa† and the high position comes when they join the church. Gerald. a adolescent Amish in the movie depicts this province as a â€Å"vaccination† ( 3 ) . This period of â€Å"rumspringa† ceases when the adolescen t decided to fall in the church by being baptized or chooses to non fall in the church for good. 95 % of the Amish adolescents will fall in ( 3 ) Another thought of Tuner that assists on analysing the Amish civilization is that of communitas. Communitas is gained by â€Å"stripping equalising and seting on the behaviour of failing and poverty† ( 1 pg. 197 ) . The Amish are stripped from holding any engineering because they feel that engineering merely makes the household construction weak. Having electricity. telecasting. cars. and telephones are recognized by the Amish as enticement that could make a sense of inequality within their imposts. They perceive engineering iniquitous magnet drawing off from the Amish close-knit â€Å"society† which is non accepted. A 3rd thought that Tuner describes to analyse the Devils Playground are the rites of statues lift and the rites of position reversal. The rites of position lift are defined as traveling from low position to a higher 1. In the movie this was demonstrated when the adolescent decides to come out of the liminal province and go a member of the church in which he/she is at a stable province and expected to act in understanding with the Amish imposts. The rites of position reversal are defined as a degrading of place within that civilization or humbling of the person. The Amish undergo this thought one time they are stripped from the outside word abdicating to a drivers licence. intoxicant. electronics and everything else that is seen as iniquitous and as enticements to the Amish. Once they join the church and undergo the rites of position reversal. it is thought of conveying societal construction back into the person ( 1 pg. 178 ) . Marriage outside the spiritual guidelines is besides a po sition reversal which is demonstrated by eschewing of the person. .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a , .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a .postImageUrl , .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a , .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a:hover , .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a:visited , .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a:active { border:0!important; } .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a:active , .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9727cea9aa7cc02beeb308c55787701a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genetic Engineering Essay IntroductionWhich in the â€Å"outside† universe matrimony is seen as a ritual position lift. The concluding thought of Tuner that aids on depicting the movie is faiths of humbleness. Religious humbleness is the â€Å"unimportance of differentiations of position. belongings. age. sex. and other natural and cultural differentiae† ( 1 pg. 189 ) A mark of humbleness is depicted by the Amish vesture manner which besides separated them from the â€Å"outsiders† . The Amish frock in a really simplistic manner. Humility is besides seen as â€Å"structural inferiority† ( 1 pg 91 ) . The Amish as shown in the movie have really l ow position employments. A carpenter to the outside universe is seen as a low position occupation since an instruction and grade is seen as a higher rank. Faron. an Amish adolescent in the movie is really proud of his father’s carpenter position which demonstrated the humbleness of position to the Amish civilization. In decision. in order to maintain a civilization. faith. or society in tacked these spreads known as liminality and communitas are necessary. If there were no â€Å"in-between† society or construction would non be. In my position after analysing the movie. Amish are seen as â€Å"liminal beings† who choose to segregate themselves from the outside universe. They live in the borders of society and within their society have communitas. rites of position lift. and rites of position reversal. Having liminality and communitas creates a â€Å"social average† ( pg. 203 ) in which 1 is given the option of different waies ; equality. humbleness. position reversal. and position lift. Mentions: 1. Turner. Victor W. The Ritual Process Structure and Anti-Structure. Chicago: Walter de Gruyter. Inc. 1995. 2. Wikipedia Foundation Inc. Amish. 25 January. 2012. hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Amish 3. Cantor. Steven. A ; Walker Lucy. ( 2002 ) Devil’s Playground. United States: Colombian Pictures.

A Mediocre Photographers Guide to Professional Photography

A Mediocre Photographers Guide to Professional Photography I’ve been a freelance writer for thirteen years. While I’m mainly a writer, hundreds of my photographs have been published in books, magazines, newspapers, and online. I’ve made thousands of dollars from my photos, yet I’m at best a mediocre photographer. I’m not a visual person, and I’ve taken only one â€Å"easy A† college photography class that was back in the days of dark rooms and print film. I’m not alone. Many writers supplement their income with photos even if they aren’t primarily photographers. Here are some tips to help you augment your writing income with your photos. This isn’t a beginner’s guide to photography - there are plenty of those already - but rather a guide to using your current level of ability to its best advantage. Always Use the Highest Resolution: Set your camera to the highest resolution and largest format and leave it there. Even if your assignment is for an online publication that uses small, low-res images, you never know when you’ll need those large, high-res images for print media. Print requires at least 300 dpi (dots per inch). Go beyond that. Why? Because bigger pictures mean you can crop more and zoom in on details better, and a little blurriness disappears when you scale it down. Quantity Begets Quality: The trick to taking good photos is taking a lot of photos. Pros know this, and it’s doubly important for amateurs. The digital era has made taking photos virtually free, so click away. You’ll find plenty of wheat in the chaff. Also avoid the manual setting. As travel writer Pam Mandel says, â€Å"Everything that teaches you about going pro wants you out of automatic. But you know what? Cameras are smarter and smarter these days and if you don’t understand what’s happening with the light, it’s okay to use auto or the presets.† Take a Combination of Vertical and Horizontal Shots, Close-ups and Wide Views: Editors love choice and often pick a particular photo as much for how it fits into the layout as for the content. Give them a wide variety and more than the article actually requires.    Subject Is Everything: The more interesting your subject, the less your readers will notice your lack of talent. Take this photo, for instance. It’s of a castle in Gondar, Ethiopia. Wait, a castle in Ethiopia? Yep. Pretty, too. You might almost overlook the lack of people or the overly wide foreground. The first problem can be solved Spotting a Good Shot: Keep your camera handy and your eyes open for unusual, funny, or arresting images. Sometimes the best shots only last an instant. Another important aspect is depth. Freelancer Kyle Ellison says, â€Å"My wife, who takes far better photos than I, keeps hammering home the importance of depth in my photos. Depth! Depth! A   sunset over a horizon is flat and 2D, whereas a sunset over a horizon with a palm frond in front of it is 3D.† Photo Editors Are Your Friends: I’m talking both computer programs and people here. Inexpert photographers often over- or underexpose their shots, or improperly frame them like that castle photo. If Photoshop is beyond you, even basic programs like Paint and GIMP allow you to crop, resize, adjust brightness, and more. It’s a lot easier to make a perfect shot than to take a perfect shot. Beyond that, your publisher has a real live photo editor who knows much more than you do. Don’t be afraid to ask for help. Chances are they’ll fiddle with your photos anyway. And make sure you know your market. Ellison adds, â€Å"It’s important to look at the types of photos being published in the outlets you’re looking at. You could be the most artistic photog on Earth, but if your personal ‘style’ isn’t what usually publishes then it probably isn’t going to happen.† Creative Commons Is Your Friend: Still can’t get a decent shot? Use someone else’s expertise. There are countless images under the Creative Commons license freely available free for commercial use. Two of the best sources are Wikimedia Commons and Flickr. The photo-sharing site Flickr, a photo-sharing site, is the better of the two because more of its photos are high resolution. Additionally, if you’re covering an organized event, ask the press officer if they have photos available. Institutions such as museums or convention and visitor’s bureaus generally have a stock of images. There are many types of Creative Commons licenses. Make sure the owner allows commercial use. If she doesn’t, it never hurts to ask if you can use it. The worst she can do is say no. Some licenses require that you don’t alter the photo, an annoying restriction, and the vast majority ask for credit. Send the photographer a copy of the finished work. Building up friendly relations with pros is always a good idea. So don’t sweat your lack of artistic talent. Get snapping!

Crescents - North American Chipped Stone Tool Type

Crescents - North American Chipped Stone Tool Type Crescents (sometimes called lunates) are moon-shaped chipped stone objects which are found fairly rarely on Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene (roughly equivalent to Preclovis and Paleoindian) sites in the Western United States. Typically, crescents are chipped from cryptocrystalline quartz (including chalcedony, agate, chert, flint and jasper), although there are examples from obsidian, basalt and schist. They are symmetrical and carefully pressure flaked on both sides; typically the wing tips are pointed and the edges are ground smooth. Others, called eccentrics, maintain the overall lunate shape and careful manufacture, but have added decorative frills. Identifying Crescents Crescents were first described in a 1966 article in American Antiquity by Lewis Tadlock, who defined them as artifacts recovered from Early Archaic (what Tadlock called Proto-Archaic) through Paleoindian sites in the Great Basin, the Columbia Plateau and the Channel Islands of California. For his study, Tadlock measured 121 crescents from 26 sites in California, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. He explicitly associated crescents with big game hunting and gathering lifestyles between 7,000 and 9,000 years ago, and perhaps earlier. He pointed out that the flaking technique and raw material choice of crescents are most similar to Folsom, Clovis and possibly Scottsbluff projectile points. Tadlock listed the earliest crescents as having been used within the Great Basin, he believed they spread out from there. Tadlock was the first to begin a typology of crescents, although the categories have been much extended since then, and today include eccentric forms. More recent studies have increased the date of crescents, placing them firmly within Paleoindian period. Apart from that, Tadlocks careful consideration of the size, shape, style and context of crescents has held up after more than forty years. What are Crescents for? No consensus has been reached among scholars for the purpose of crescents. Suggested functions for crescents include their use as butchering tools, amulets, portable art, surgical instruments, and transverse points for hunting birds. Erlandson and Braje have argued that the most likely interpretation is as transverse projectile points, with the curved edge hafted to point frontwards. In 2013, Moss and Erlandson pointed out that lunates are frequently found in wetland environments, and use that as support for lunates as having been used with waterfowl procurement, in particular. large anatids such as tundra swan, greater white-fronted goose, snow goose and Rosss goose. They speculate that the reason lunates stopped being used in the Great Basin after about 8,000 years ago has to do with the fact that climate change forced the birds out of the region. Crescents have been recovered from many sites, including Danger Cave (Utah), Paisley Cave #1 (Oregon), Karlo, Owens Lake, Panamint Lake (California), Lind Coulee (Washington), Dean, Fenn Cache (Idaho), Daisy Cave, Cardwell Bluffs, San Nicolas (Channel Islands). Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Stone Tools, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Beck C, and Jones GT. 2010. Clovis and Western Stemmed: Population Migration and the Meeting of Two Technologies in the Intermountain West. American Antiquity 75:81-90.Davis TW, Erlandson JM, Fenenga GL, and Hamm K. 2010. Chipped stone crescents and the antiquity of maritime settlement on San Nicolas Island, Alta California. California Archaeology 2(2):185-202.Erlandson JM, and Braje TJ. 2008. Five crescents from Cardwell: Context and chronology of chipped stone crescents at CA-SMI-679, San Miguel Island, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 40:35-45.Erlandson JM, and Jew N. 2009. An Early Maritime Biface Technology at Daisy Cave, San Miguel Island, California: Reflections on Sample Size, Site Function, and Other Issues. North American Archaeologist 30(2):145-165.Erlandson JM, Rick TC, Braje TJ, Casperson M, Culleton B, Fulfrost B, Garcia T, Guthrie DA, Jew N, Kennett DJ et al. 2011. Paleoindian Seafaring, Maritime Technologies, and Coastal Foraging on Californi a’s Channel Islands. Science 331(4):1181-1185. Moss ML, and Erlandson JM. 2013. Waterfowl and Lunate Crescents in Western North America: The Archaeology of the Pacific Flyway. Journal of World Prehistory 26(3):173-211. doi: 10.1007/s10963-013-9066-5Tadlock WL. 1966. Certain Crescentic Stone Objects as a Time Marker in the Western United States. American Antiquity 31(5):662-675.Walker DN, Bies MT, Surovell TA, and Frison GC. 2010. Paleoindian Portable Art from Wyoming, USA. IFRAO Pleistocene Art of the World. Arià ¨ge - Pyrà ©nà ©es, France. p 1-15.